π PART I: ELECTRONIC EFFECTS (Classes 1-11) π
Foundation Level β’ 22 Hours
Foundation Level β’ 22 Hours
CLASS 1
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC EFFECTS
π― Objectives:
Understand electron movement in molecules and overview of all electronic effects
π Content:
- What are electronic effects? Kitchen chemistry examples (salt, oil, soap)
- Overview: Inductive, Field, Resonance, Hyperconjugation, Temporary effects
- Basic electron movement and curved arrow notation
- Real-world applications in drugs and materials
CLASS 2
INDUCTIVE AND FIELD EFFECTS
π― Objectives:
Master through-bond and through-space electron effects
π Content:
- Inductive Effect (-I and +I): Halogens, oxygen groups vs alkyl groups, metals
- Field Effect: Electrostatic interactions, distance dependence
- Carbocation Stability: 3Β° > 2Β° > 1Β° > CHββΊ with quantitative data
- Industrial applications: Teflon, petroleum cracking
CLASS 3
RESONANCE EFFECT - BASICS
π― Objectives:
Understand electron delocalization fundamentals
π Content:
- KekulΓ©'s benzene discovery and resonance concept
- Drawing resonance structures and rules
- +M Effect: -OH, -OR, -NHβ, -NRβ groups
- π³ Kitchen aromatics: vanilla, cinnamon, coffee compounds
CLASS 4
RESONANCE EFFECT - ADVANCED
π― Objectives:
Master electron-withdrawing resonance and complex systems
π Content:
- -M Effect: -NOβ, -CHO, -COCHβ, -COOH, -CN groups
- Cross-conjugation and extended systems
- Cumulene systems and UV-Vis data
- π± Natural examples: Ξ²-carotene, chlorophyll
CLASS 5
HYPERCONJUGATION & TEMPORARY EFFECTS
π― Objectives:
Understand neighboring bond assistance and temporary effects
π Content:
- Hyperconjugation: Ο-bond overlap with empty orbitals
- β½ Octane rating and carbocation stability data
- Temporary Effects: Inductomeric and electromeric
- Carbanion and radical stability trends
CLASS 6
AROMATICITY AND ANTIAROMATICITY
π― Objectives:
Apply HΓΌckel's rule and understand aromatic stability
π Content:
- Benzene's special stability and HΓΌckel's 4n+2 rule
- Counting Ο-electrons in complex systems
- π Aromatic drugs: aspirin, morphine, penicillin
- Antiaromaticity: 4n Ο-electron destabilization
CLASS 7
STRAIN EFFECTS
π― Objectives:
Quantify and apply strain concepts
π Content:
- Ring Strain: Cyclopropane to medium rings with energy data
- Steric Strain: 1,3-diaxial interactions and A-values
- π Thermochemical evidence: heat of combustion data
- Advanced strain: I-strain, F-strain, B-strain
CLASS 8
ACID STRENGTH - ELECTRONIC EFFECTS
π― Objectives:
Apply electronic effects to predict acidity
π Content:
- Conjugate base stability principle
- Inductive Effects: Halogen data (CHβCOOH to CClβCOOH)
- Resonance Effects: Substituted benzoic acids
- π³ Kitchen and biological acids with quantitative pKa data
CLASS 9
ACID STRENGTH - STRUCTURAL EFFECTS
π― Objectives:
Understand hybridization and strain effects on acidity
π Content:
- Hybridization Effects: sp vs spΒ² vs spΒ³ acidity trends
- Ring Size Effects: Strain relief and pKa values
- Active methylene compounds and drug applications
- π Environmental and biological pH considerations
CLASS 10
BASICITY AND INTEGRATION
π― Objectives:
Complete electronic effects toolkit
π Content:
- Basicity fundamentals with kitchen and drug examples
- Aliphatic vs aromatic basicity with pKa trends
- Heterocyclic basicity: pyridine vs pyrrole
- π Master integration and systematic problem-solving
CLASS 11
DIPOLES, SOLVENTS, AND SOLUBILITY
π― Objectives:
Connect electronic effects to physical properties
π Content:
- Dipole Moments: Molecular polarity and quantitative data
- Solvent Classifications: Polar protic, polar aprotic, nonpolar
- Solubility Principles: LogP values and drug design
- π± Green chemistry and computational prediction
π PART II: STEREOCHEMISTRY (Classes 12-20) π
Intermediate Level β’ 18 Hours
Intermediate Level β’ 18 Hours
CLASS 12
INTRODUCTION TO STEREOCHEMISTRY
π― Objectives:
Distinguish isomer types and understand molecular recognition
π Content:
- Constitutional vs stereoisomers with examples
- π³ Kitchen isomers: glucose vs fructose, menthol types
- π Drug stereochemistry: thalidomide, ibuprofen cases
- 𧬠Biological lock-and-key principle
CLASS 13
CHIRALITY & OPTICAL ACTIVITY
π― Objectives:
Master molecular handedness concepts
π Content:
- π€² Handedness concept and chiral centers identification
- π± Natural chirality: L-amino acids, D-glucose, DNA helix
- Step-by-step chiral center identification method
- π¬ Polarimetry and [Ξ±]D notation
CLASS 14
ENANTIOMERS & MIRROR IMAGES
π― Objectives:
Understand enantiomer relationships and properties
π Content:
- Identical vs different properties of enantiomers
- Racemic mixtures and their properties
- π Industrial resolution and asymmetric synthesis
- 𧬠Biological significance and enzyme stereoselectivity
CLASS 15
R/S CONFIGURATION SYSTEM
π― Objectives:
Master Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules
π Content:
- Priority Rules: Atomic number, next atoms, multiple bonds, isotopes
- Step-by-step R/S assignment with examples
- π₯οΈ Visualization techniques and common errors
- IUPAC naming and pharmaceutical conventions
CLASS 16
FISCHER PROJECTIONS
π― Objectives:
Apply Fischer conventions to biochemistry
π Content:
- Fischer projection rules and conventions
- Allowed vs forbidden manipulations
- Converting to/from wedge-dash notation
- π― Carbohydrate and amino acid applications
CLASS 17
NEWMAN PROJECTIONS & CONFORMATIONS
π― Objectives:
Analyze conformations and energy barriers
π Content:
- Viewing down C-C bonds and energy considerations
- Ethane and butane conformational analysis
- π Quantitative energy data and populations
- Applications to proteins and polymers
CLASS 18
DIASTEREOMERS & MESO COMPOUNDS
π― Objectives:
Distinguish diastereomers and understand meso compounds
π Content:
- Diastereomer definition and properties
- Meso compounds and internal mirror planes
- Stereoisomer counting with 2n rule limitations
- π― Sugar diastereomers and drug examples
CLASS 19
CYCLOHEXANE CHAIR CONFORMATIONS
π― Objectives:
Master chair conformations and ring flipping
π Content:
- Chair form preference and drawing techniques
- Axial vs equatorial positions
- π Ring flipping mechanism and energy barriers
- NMR evidence and steroid applications
CLASS 20
SUBSTITUTED CYCLOHEXANES & ALKENES
π― Objectives:
Analyze complex cyclohexanes and alkene stereochemistry
π Content:
- Disubstituted cyclohexane patterns with A-values
- E/Z nomenclature system for alkenes
- π± Natural alkenes: oleic acid, trans fats, pheromones
- π Integration of all stereochemical concepts
β‘ PART III: REACTION MECHANISMS (Classes 21-40) β‘
Advanced Level β’ 40 Hours
Advanced Level β’ 40 Hours
CLASS 21
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANISMS
π― Objectives:
Understand mechanistic evidence and notation
π Content:
- π¬ Mechanism definition and experimental evidence
- Arrow-pushing rules and common patterns
- Kinetic data, stereochemistry, isotope effects
- Mechanism vs synthesis thinking
CLASS 22
BOND BREAKING & FORMATION
π― Objectives:
Classify bond changes and reactive intermediates
π Content:
- Homolytic vs heterolytic cleavage
- Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, radicals, carbenes
- Structure, stability, and lifetime relationships
- π Biological and industrial applications
CLASS 23
TRANSITION STATES & ENERGY PROFILES
π― Objectives:
Apply transition state theory
π Content:
- ποΈ Transition states vs intermediates
- Energy diagram construction and interpretation
- Hammond postulate applications
- π Drug design with transition state mimics
CLASS 24
KINETICS & RATE LAWS
π― Objectives:
Connect kinetics to mechanisms
π Content:
- Rate laws and reaction orders
- π‘οΈ Temperature and solvent effects (Arrhenius equation)
- Isotope effects and mechanistic implications
- 𧬠Enzyme kinetics and Michaelis-Menten model
CLASS 25
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
π― Objectives:
Apply acid-base principles to organic reactions
π Content:
- Organic acid-base equilibria in different solvents
- Proton transfer mechanisms and catalysis
- Enolate chemistry introduction
- 𧬠Biological pH effects and drug stability
CLASS 26
SUBSTITUTION MECHANISMS (SN1/SN2)
π― Objectives:
Master nucleophilic substitution mechanisms
π Content:
- SN2: Concerted inversion, rate factors, stereochemistry
- SN1: Two-step racemization, carbocation stability
- Competition factors and prediction rules
- π Industrial and pharmaceutical applications
CLASS 27
ELIMINATION MECHANISMS (E1/E2/E1cB)
π― Objectives:
Understand elimination pathways and competition
π Content:
- E2: Anti-periplanar requirement, Zaitsev's rule
- E1: Competition with SN1, temperature effects
- E1cB: Poor leaving groups and acidic Ξ²-hydrogens
- 𧬠Regioselectivity and biological examples
CLASS 28
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION TO CARBONYLS
π― Objectives:
Master carbonyl addition mechanisms
π Content:
- Basic addition mechanism and electronic effects
- Hydride additions (NaBHβ, LiAlHβ)
- Organometallic additions (Grignard, organolithium)
- 𧬠Nitrogen nucleophiles and biological applications
CLASS 29
NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION
π― Objectives:
Understand acyl substitution mechanisms
π Content:
- Addition-elimination pathway
- Reactivity order: acid chlorides > anhydrides > esters > amides
- Ester hydrolysis (acid and base catalyzed)
- 𧬠Biological acyl substitutions and enzyme mechanisms
CLASS 30
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION (CLASSICAL)
π― Objectives:
Master classical addition mechanisms
π Content:
- Ο-bond nucleophilicity and carbocation formation
- Markovnikov's rule and electronic basis
- HX additions with regioselectivity data
- π₯ Peroxide effects and anti-Markovnikov addition
CLASS 31
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION (NONCLASSICAL)
π― Objectives:
Understand bridged intermediates
π Content:
- Bromonium and chloronium ion intermediates
- Anti-stereochemistry requirement and evidence
- Neighboring group participation in additions
- π₯οΈ Computational evidence for bridged structures
CLASS 32
RADICAL & AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
π― Objectives:
Master radical and electrophilic aromatic mechanisms
π Content:
- Radical Chain Mechanisms: Initiation, propagation, termination
- π₯ Halogenation selectivity and Hammond postulate
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: General mechanism
- π Directing effects and ortho-para ratios
CLASS 33
REARRANGEMENT MECHANISMS
π― Objectives:
Understand carbocation rearrangements
π Content:
- 1,2-Hydride and alkyl shifts with driving forces
- Wagner-Meerwein and pinacol rearrangements
- 𧬠Biological rearrangements: cholesterol biosynthesis
- π Industrial applications and synthetic strategies
CLASS 34
OXIDATION & REDUCTION MECHANISMS
π― Objectives:
Master redox mechanisms
π Content:
- Reduction: Hydride transfer (NaBHβ, LiAlHβ), biological NADH
- Oxidation: Chromium mechanisms, cytochrome P450
- π¬ Catalytic hydrogenation and surface chemistry
- π± Green chemistry approaches
CLASS 35
NEIGHBORING GROUP PARTICIPATION
π― Objectives:
Understand anchimeric assistance
π Content:
- π Definition and rate enhancement effects
- Common participating groups: carboxylate, amino, Ο-systems
- π Stereochemical evidence and quantitative analysis
- 𧬠Enzyme mechanisms and drug design applications
CLASS 36
STEREOCHEMISTRY IN SN1
π― Objectives:
Analyze SN1 stereochemical outcomes
π Content:
- Planar carbocation and racemization expectation
- Ion pair effects and deviations from complete racemization
- π Return vs escape ratios and memory effects
- π Pharmaceutical stereochemical control
CLASS 37
STEREOCHEMISTRY IN SN2
π― Objectives:
Master SN2 inversion mechanisms
π Content:
- βΆ Backside attack and orbital overlap requirements
- Walden inversion and experimental evidence
- Double inversion strategies in synthesis
- β οΈ Exceptions: bridgehead positions and steric hindrance
CLASS 38
STEREOCHEMISTRY IN ELIMINATIONS
π― Objectives:
Understand elimination stereochemistry
π Content:
- E2 anti-periplanar requirements and conformational analysis
- Syn elimination mechanisms: Cope, Chugaev, selenoxide
- βοΈ Zaitsev vs Hofmann selectivity factors
- 𧬠Biological eliminations and enzyme mechanisms
CLASS 39
STEREOCHEMISTRY IN ADDITIONS
π― Objectives:
Master addition stereochemistry
π Content:
- Syn Additions: Catalytic hydrogenation, osmium dihydroxylation
- Anti Additions: Halogenation, oxymercuration-demercuration
- Asymmetric epoxidation and pharmaceutical applications
- π Industrial stereoselective processes
CLASS 40
STEREOELECTRONIC EFFECTS & INTEGRATION
π― Objectives:
Apply advanced concepts and career preparation
π Content:
- Stereoelectronic Principles: Anomeric effect, gauche effect
- Advanced Models: Cieplak effect, Felkin-Anh model
- π₯οΈ Computational prediction and machine learning applications
- π Career Pathways: Research, industry, pharmaceuticals, materials
π ASSESSMENT METHODS
π Weekly Problem Sets
Electronic effects and mechanism prediction with progressively increasing difficulty
π Midterm Exams
Parts I, II, and III comprehensive exams testing cumulative knowledge
π¬ Final Project
Original research proposal or comprehensive literature review
π§ͺ Laboratory
Hands-on synthesis and analysis techniques with modern instrumentation
π RESOURCES & TOOLS
π Textbooks
Advanced organic chemistry references and current literature
π» Software
ChemDraw, molecular modeling programs, computational chemistry tools